1. Availability
Full developerkeys are only available in non full- and demo-versions, though the debug menu is conditionally available in the full version.
2. Activation
There's code built in to enable developerkeys if Aquaria finds a file named unlockdeveloperkeys under its installation directory. However, due to code optimisation by Visual C++, no builds check for the variable changed by the file's existence. Therefore, you cannot enable developerkeys unless you rebuild from source, taking out the definition of AQUARIA_FULL.
3. Things you can do with developerkeys
Caps-lock: Shows collision marks. Doesn't seem very useful.
Tab: Global level editor enabled, use as normal.
~: Displays console. Top half show variables, lower half shows debug log.
Ctrl-Alt-Q: Quick exit.
Pause menu: Special Debug Save feature.
Shift-Backspace: Debug menu. Contains a lot of options for you to mess with. Useful in mod development.
4. Debug menu
Contains a lot of options, including reloading sources, learning all songs, getting costumes, demo cording functions, etc. etc. Can be used in the full version, in a mod. Must be enabled in mod properties.
Open your mod's XML definitions and insert the following line
<Properties DebugMenu=1 />
between the AquariaMod tags to enable.
Abstract: you can use the dev menu in mod mode. You just have to enable it. I didn't have to make a list like that, did I, just to make that one point, lol.